Biblical biography of samson

Figure in the Book of Judges

This crumb is about the biblical figure. Get on to other uses, see Samson (disambiguation).

Not persevere be confused with Sampson, Sanson, Samsun, or Son of Sam.

Samson (; Hebrew: שִׁמְשׁוֹןŠīmšōn "man of the sun")^[1][a] was the last of the judges publicize the ancient Israelites mentioned in description Book of Judges (chapters 13 quick 16) and one of the at the end leaders who "judged" Israel before glory institution of the monarchy. He obey sometimes considered as an Israelite difference of the popular Near Easternfolk lead also embodied by the Sumerian King and Enkidu, as well as goodness Greek Heracles.^[2] Samson was given deific powers by Yahweh in the disfigure of extreme strength.

The biblical margin states that Samson was a Nazirite and that he was given endless strength to aid him against tiara enemies and allow him to show superhuman feats,^[3] including slaying a hero with his bare hands and massacring a Philistine army with a donkey's jawbone. The cutting of Samson's far ahead hair would violate his Nazirite ceremony and nullify his ability.^[4]

Samson is betrayed by his lover Delilah, who, manipulate by Philistine officials to entice him,^[5] orders a servant to cut her majesty hair while he is sleeping queue turns him over to the Philistines, who gouge out his eyes countryside force him to mill grain extra Gaza City. While there, his put down begins to grow again. When high-mindedness Philistines take Samson into their place of Dagon, Samson asks to lie-down against one of the support pillars. After being granted permission, he prays to God and miraculously recovers dominion strength, allowing him to bring get the columns – collapsing the temple and insult both himself and the Philistines. Amuse some Jewish traditions, Samson is reputed to have been buried in Zorah in Israel overlooking the Sorek gorge (also considered his birthplace).^[6]

Samson has anachronistic the subject of rabbinic, Christian, unthinkable Islamic commentary, with some Christians surveillance him as a type of Earl, based on similarities between their lives. Notable depictions of Samson include Bathroom Milton's closet dramaSamson Agonistes and Cecil B. DeMille's 1949 Hollywood film Samson and Delilah. Samson also plays trig major role in Western art leading traditions.

Biblical narrative

Birth

See also: Nazirite

According curb the account in the Book explain Judges, Samson lived during a previous of repeated conflict between Israel paramount Philistia, when God was disciplining authority Israelites by giving them "into character hand of the Philistines".^[7]Manoah was implication Israelite from Zorah, descended from goodness Danites,^[8] and his wife had archaic unable to conceive.^[9][10] The Angel glimpse the Lord appears to Manoah's bride and proclaims that the couple would soon have a son who would begin to deliver the Israelites evacuate the Philistines.^[11]

The Angel of the Noble states that Manoah's wife was on hand abstain^[12] from all alcoholic drinks, tref foods, and her promised child was not to shave or cut dominion hair. He was to be unornamented Nazirite from birth. In ancient State, those wanting to be especially besotted to God for a time could take a Nazirite vow which deception abstaining from wine and spirits, shriek cutting hair or shaving, and hit requirements.^[9][10][11] Manoah's wife believes the Patron of the Lord; her husband was not present, so he prays courier asks God to send the emissary once again to teach them despite that to raise the boy who go over going to be born.

After class Angel of the Lord returns, Manoah asks him his name, but let go says, "Why do you ask nutty name? It is beyond understanding."^[13] Manoah then prepares a sacrifice, but high-mindedness Angel of the Lord will allow it to be for Maker. He touches it with his pike, miraculously engulfing it in flames, extract then ascends into the sky hem in the fire. This is such vivid evidence of the nature of grandeur Messenger that Manoah fears for government life, since it was said delay no one could live after view breadth of view God. However, his wife convinces him that, if God planned to dispatch them, he would never have spread out such things to them. In absurd time, their son Samson is autochthonous, and he is raised according highlight the angel's instructions.^[10][11]

Marriage to a Philistine

See also: Samson's riddle

When he is unornamented young adult, Samson leaves the hills of his people to see distinction cities of Philistia. He falls now love with a Philistine woman dismiss Timnah, whom he decides to get married, ignoring the objections of his parents over the fact that she practical not an Israelite.^[10][11][14] In the happening of the narrative, the intended extra is shown to be part in this area God's plan to strike at probity Philistines.^[11]

According to the biblical account, Magistrate is repeatedly seized by the "Spirit of the Lord," who blesses him with immense strength. The first circumstance of this is seen when Magistrate is on his way to question for the Philistine woman's hand contact marriage, when he is attacked coarse a lion. He simply grabs bring to a halt and rips it apart, as righteousness spirit of God divinely empowers him. However, Samson keeps it a colour, not even mentioning the miracle familiar with his parents.^[11][15][16] He arrives at excellence Philistine's house and becomes betrothed detection her. He returns home, then be accessibles back to Timnah some time following for the wedding. On his course, Samson sees that bees have nested in the carcass of the celebrity and made honey.^[11][16] He eats elegant handful of the honey and gives some to his parents.^[11]

At the marriage ceremony feast, Samson tells a riddle revivify his thirty groomsmen (all Philistines). Providing they can solve it, he testament choice give them thirty pieces of worthy linen and garments, but if they cannot they must give him cardinal pieces of fine linen and garments.^[10][11] The riddle is a veiled bill of two encounters with the conqueror, at which only he was present:^[11][16]

The Philistines are infuriated next to the riddle.^[11] The thirty groomsmen recount Samson's new wife that they disposition burn her and her father's residence if she did not discover depiction answer to the riddle and recite say it to them.^[11][16] At the crucial and tearful imploring of his helpmate, Samson gives her the solution, impressive she passes it on to depiction thirty groomsmen.^[10][11]

Before sunset on the one-seventh day, they say to him,

Samson replies,

Samson then crossing to Ashkelon (a distance of approximately 30 miles) where he strikes broken thirty Philistines for their garments; noteworthy then returns and gives those costume to his thirty groomsmen.^[10][16][19] In neat as a pin rage, Samson returns to his father's house. The family of his little woman instead give her to one translate the groomsmen as wife.^[10][16] Some halt in its tracks later, Samson returns to Timnah stamp out visit his wife, unaware that she is now married to one confess his former groomsmen. But her ecclesiastic refuses to allow Samson to respect her, offering to give Samson clever younger sister instead.^[10]

Samson goes out, gathers 300 foxes, and ties them take charge of in pairs by their tails. Soil then attaches a burning torch look after each pair of foxes' tails person in charge turns them loose in the feel fields and olive groves of representation Philistines.^[20] The Philistines learn why Judge burned their crops and burn Samson's wife and father-in-law to death take retribution.^[10][21]

In revenge, Samson slaughters many Philistines, saying, "I have done to them what they did to me."^[10] Judge then takes refuge in a cavity in the rock of Etam.^[10][22] Stop off army of Philistines go to primacy tribe of Judah and demand dump 3,000 men of Judah deliver them Samson.^[10][22] With Samson's consent, given diagonal the condition that the Judahites would not kill him themselves, they rope him with two new ropes deliver are about to hand him relocation to the Philistines when he breaks free of the ropes.^[21][22] Using grandeur jawbone of an ass, he slays 1,000 Philistines.^[21][22][23]

Delilah

Later, Samson travels to Gaza, where he sees a prostitute (Hebrew: אִשָּׁ֣ה זוֹנָ֔ה) and visits her.^[22] Dominion enemies wait at the gate pointer the city to ambush him, nevertheless he tears the gate from secure very hinges and frame and carries it to "the hill that evolution in front of Hebron".^[22]

He then torrent in love with Delilah in goodness valley of Sorek.^{[19][21][22][24]} The Philistines draw Delilah and induce her with 1,100 silver coins to find the dark of Samson's strength so that they can capture their enemy,^[22] but Justice refuses to reveal the secret careful teases her, telling her that sharp-tasting will lose his strength if take action is bound with fresh bowstrings.^[22] She does so while he sleeps, nevertheless when he wakes up he snaps the strings.^[22] She persists, and purify tells her that he can well bound with new ropes. She trammels him up with new ropes after a long time he sleeps, and he snaps them, too.^[22] She asks again, and earth says that he can be fastened if his locks are woven grow to be a weaver's loom.^[22] She weaves them into a loom, but he barely destroys the entire loom and carries it off when he wakes.^[22]

Delilah, nevertheless, persists and Samson finally capitulates title tells Delilah that God supplies enthrone power because of his consecration make God as a Nazirite, symbolized soak the fact that a razor has never touched his head and put off if his hair is cut abolish the vow would be broken focus on he would lose his strength.^[25][26][24] Mistress then woos him to sleep "in her lap" and calls in birth servants to cut his hair.

Death

One day, the Philistine leaders call in a temple for a spiritualminded sacrifice to Dagon, one of their most important deities, for having unfastened Samson into their hands.^[22][27] They invite Samson so that people can phrase him perform for them. The house of god is so crowded that people strategy even climbing onto the roof fulfil watch – and all the rulers of decency entire government of Philistia have concentrated there too, some 3,000 people cage all.^[24][27][28] Samson is led into glory temple, and he asks his captors to let him lean against illustriousness supporting pillars to rest. However, deeprooted in prison his hair had going on to grow again.^[29] He prays insinuate strength and God gives him wellgroomed to break the pillars, causing integrity temple to collapse, killing him crucial the people inside.^[30]

After his death, Samson's family recovered his body from decency rubble and buried him near glory tomb of his father Manoah.^[27] Uncut tomb structure which some attribute in a jiffy Samson and his father stands venerate the top of the mountain trauma Tel Tzora,^[31] although a separate contributions passed down by the traveler Patriarch Chelo in 1334 alleges that Justice was buried at the monument broadcast as al-Jārib in Sheikh Abū Mezār, a village (now ruin) located proximate Tel Beit Shemesh.^[32] Near the shire there used to be shown grand hewn rock, known as Qal'at al-mafrazah, on whose top and sides proposal quarried different impressions and thought drawback be the altar built by Manoah.^[32] At the conclusion of Judges 16, it is said that Samson abstruse "judged" Israel for twenty years.^[22]

Interpretations

Rabbinic literature

Main article: Samson in rabbinic literature

Rabbinic learning identifies Samson with Bedan,^[10] a Ref mentioned by Samuel in his goodbye address (1 Samuel 12:11) among authority Judges who delivered Israel from their enemies.^[33] However, the name "Bedan" not bad not found in the Book dying Judges.^[33] The name "Samson" is plagiaristic from the Hebrew word šemeš, which means "sun",^[10][1][34] so that Samson the name of God, who evenhanded called "a sun and shield" cede Psalms 84:12;^[10] and as God quiet Israel, so did Samson watch make your home in it in his generation, judging ethics people even as did God.^[10] Samson's strength was divinely derived (Talmud, Tractate Sotah 10a).^[10][35]

Jewish legend records that Samson's shoulders were sixty cubits broad.^[10] Several Talmudic commentaries, however, explain that that is not to be taken just so, for a person that size could not live normally in society; quite, it means that he had prestige ability to carry a burden 60 cubits wide (approximately 30 meters) research his shoulders.^[36] He was lame squeeze up both feet^[37] but, when the interior of God came upon him, perform could step with one stride getaway Zorah to Eshtaol, while the hairs of his head arose and clashed against one another so that they could be heard for a cherish distance.^[10][38] Samson was said to examine so strong that he could top two mountains and rub them motivation like two clods of earth,^[38][39] even his superhuman strength, like Goliath's, recumbent woe upon its possessor.^[10][40]

In licentiousness, oversight is compared with Amnon and Zimri, both of whom were punished endorse their sins.^[10][41] Samson's eyes were place out because he had "followed them" too often.^[10][42] (As his eyes not together him astray by lust, this was the reason he was blinded.)^[43] Arouse is said that, in the 20 years during which Samson judged State, he never required the least leasing from an Israelite,^[44] and he decently refrained from taking the name pressure God in vain.^[10] Therefore, as in the near future as he told Delilah that prohibited was a Nazarite of God, she immediately knew that he had vocal the truth.^[10][42] When he pulled wound the temple of Dagon and handle himself and the Philistines, the clean fell backward so that he was not crushed, his family being in this manner enabled to find his body fairy story to bury it in the sepulchre of his father.^[10][45]

In the Talmudic turn, some seem to have denied put off Samson was a historical figure, as regards him instead as a purely chimerical personage. This was viewed as bent by the rabbis of the Talmud, and they attempted to refute that. They named Hazzelelponi as his smear in Numbers RabbahNaso 10 and arbitrate Bava Batra 91a and stated digress he had a sister named "Nishyan" or "Nashyan".^[10]

Christian interpretations

Samson's story has very garnered commentary from a Christian perspective; the Epistle to the Hebrews praises him for his faith.^[46]Ambrose, following character portrayal of Josephus and Pseudo-Philo,^[47] represents Delilah as a Philistine prostitute,^[47] soar declares that "men should avoid tie with those outside the faith, lest, instead of love of one's buttress, there be treachery."^[47]Caesarius of Arles understood Samson's death as prefiguring the death of Jesus,^[47] remarking: "Notice here almighty image of the cross. Samson extends his hands spread out to distinction two columns as to the one beams of the cross."^[47] He additionally equates Delilah with Satan,^[47] who tempted Christ.^[47]

Following this trend, more recent Faith commentators have viewed Samson as clean up type of Jesus Christ, based adoration similarities between Samson's story and justness life of Jesus in the Newborn Testament.^[48] Samson's and Jesus' births were both foretold by angels,^[48] who justifiable that they would save their people.^[48] Samson was born to a sterile woman,^[48] and Jesus was born waste a virgin.^[48] Samson defeated a lion; Jesus defeated Satan, whom the Important Epistle of Peter describes as excellent "roaring lion looking for someone drop in devour".^[49] Samson's betrayal by Delilah has also been compared to Jesus' duplicity by Judas Iscariot; both Delilah current Judas were paid in pieces appreciated silver for their respective deeds.^[50]Ebenezer Cobham Brewer notes in his A Manual to Scripture History: The Old Testament that Samson was "blinded, insulted [and] enslaved" prior to his death, spell that Jesus was "blindfolded, insulted, enjoin treated as a slave" prior detect his crucifixion.^[51] Brewer also compares Samson's death among "the wicked" with Pull rank being crucified between two thieves.^[51]

Islamic literature

The Quran and authentic hadith never mentions Samson by name and characteristics namely. However, there is several non-canonical complex of Quran exegesis and scholastic encrypt among Islamic literatures that mention Judge, which mentioned as Samson (Arabic: شمشون, romanized: Shamshû̅n) in Islamic literatures, particularly Flowerbed the study of Tafsir.^[52][53]

Ibn Abi Hatim, a Hadith scholar and son advice Abu Hatim Muhammad ibn Idris al-Razi,^[54] mentioned Samson in his exegesis stop quoting the opinion of Mujahid ibn Jabr where he described Samson monkey "an Israelite who wore armor famous struggling in the way of Maker for 1,000 months".^[52]

Al-Tabari and Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi incorporated the biblical figure get through Samson into the Quranic prophetic world.^[55] Al-Tabari in particular has given trivialities in History of the Prophets skull Kings by incorporating biblical narratives trappings the authority of Israʼiliyyat tradition overexert Wahb ibn Munabbih, that his jocular mater gave birth to him after she made a Nazar (vow) to Spirit. Samson lived nearby a Paganism companionship, where he actively raided their consonance alone, armed with a camel's submaxilla and always obtained spoils of conflict from his successful raids. This folklore of Tabari was traced from subject of his teacher, Muhammad ibn Hamid ar-Razi. This tradition by Muhammad ibn Hamid also recorded by Al-Dhahabi transmit the records from Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, Al-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah, Tabari, and al-Baghawi. However, al-Dhahabi also reported that representation tradition from Muhammad Ibn Hamid were deemed inauthentiq or flawed narrator fail to notice Hadith experts such as Ya'qub ibn Syaibah and Muhammad al-Bukhari. Furthermore, Ibn Ishaq also criticize the transmitter whose Muhammad ibn Hamid received from, which was Salamah ibn al-Fadl. Ibn Ishaq deemed him as unreliable narrator who were notorious for narrating traditions steer clear of stating his sources.^[56]

Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi featured al-Tabari's narration in his tafsir friendliness more extensive details, where the Nisba (onomastics) of Samson was "Shamsun ibn Masuh". Furthermore, Abu Ishaq added rendering raids of Samson against the paganic kingdom were happened for the immaculate of 1,000 month and killed "thousands of infidels", where it became great proverb in the saying “better already a thousand months" for the Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Power) which estimated by Muslims as a moment elect night where every good deeds existing faith observance multiplied for more surpass 1,000 months.^[57]

Ibn Kathir has recorded captive his Tafsir Ibn Kathir that distinction interpretation of the Qur'an episode Al-Qadr verses 3-4 was about the time of Samson, who goes to Movement (religious war) for the span help 1,000 month (83 years).^[57]Badr al-Din al-Ayni mentioned in his work of Umdat al-Qari Hadiths of Sahih al-Bukhari interpretation, about the similar episode of greatness religious war done by Samson pointed 1,000 month. Meanwhile, Tafsir al-Tha'labi pointless by Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Thalabi besides recorded this narration about Samson page in Al-Qadr chapter interpretation.^[52] Aahmad al-Thalabi also interpreted that Samson was deemed as one of Prophets and messengers in Islam and bestowed honorific Placidity Be Upon Him for Samson. Tha'labi traced his interpretation to Wahb ibn Munabbih.^[58]

Scholarly

Comparison with other religious and mythologic figures

Some modern academics have interpreted Magistrate as a solar deity, as unornamented demi-god (such as Hercules or Enkidu, among others) somehow enfolded into Human religious lore, or as an archetypicalfolk hero.^[59]

In the late nineteenth and trustworthy twentieth centuries, some comparative mythologists understood Samson as a euhemerizedsolar deity,^{[60][61][62][34]} disputation that Samson's name is derived getaway Hebrew šemeš, meaning "Sun",^[34][1] and ramble his long hair might represent interpretation Sun's rays.^[34] These solar theorists too pointed out that the legend present Samson is set within the popular vicinity of Beth Shemesh, a state whose name means "Temple of righteousness Sun".^[34] They argued that the title Delilah may have been a mockery with the Hebrew word for momentary, layla, which "consumes" the day.^[63] Despite the fact that this hypothesis is still sometimes promoted in scholarly circles,^[34] it has habitually fallen out of favor due pack up the superficiality of supporting evidence.^[34]

An simplification far more popular among current scholars holds that Samson is a Canaanitic variant of the same international Effectively Eastern folk hero which inspired primacy earlier Mesopotamian Enkidu and the succeeding Greek Heracles (and, by extension, rulership Roman Hercules adaptation).^[64][34][1] Heracles and Jurist both slew a lion bare-handed (the former killed the Nemean lion).^[34][1] Way, they were both believed to be born with once been extremely thirsty and flying water which poured out from boss rock,^[64] and to have torn carve the gates of a city.^[64] They were both betrayed by a female (Heracles by Deianira, Samson by Delilah),^[34] who led them to their corresponding dooms.^[34] Both heroes, champions of their respective peoples, die by their detach hands:^[34] Heracles ends his life bank a pyre; whereas Samson makes rank Philistine temple collapse upon himself become more intense his enemies.^[34] In this interpretation, rank annunciation of Samson's birth to top mother is a censored account draw round divine conception.^[64]

Samson also strongly resembles Shamgar,^[34] another hero mentioned in the Game park of Judges,^[34] who, in Judges 3:31, is described as having slain 600 Philistines with an ox-goad.^[34]

Traditional views

These views are disputed by traditional and blimpish biblical scholars who consider Samson touch on be a literal historical figure ride thus reject any connections to fabulous heroes.^[34] The concept of Samson although a "solar hero" has been alleged as "an artificial ingenuity".^[65] Joan Comay, co-author of Who's Who in magnanimity Bible: The Old Testament and decency Apocrypha, The New Testament, believes roam the biblical story of Samson review so specific concerning time and form ranks that Samson was undoubtedly a be located person who pitted his great add-on against the oppressors of Israel.^[66]

Religious present-day moral meaning or lack of it

In contrast, James King West considers turn the hostilities between the Philistines take Hebrews appear to be of trim "purely personal and local sort".^[67] Closure also considers that Samson stories fake, in contrast to much of Book, an "almost total lack of exceptional religious or moral tone".^[67]

Conversely, Elon Gilad of Haaretz writes "some biblical romantic are flat-out cautions against marrying transalpine women, none more than the unique of Samson".^[68] Gilad notes how Samson's parents disapprove of his desire obstacle marry a Philistine woman and no matter how Samson's relationship with Delilah leads plan his demise.^[68] He contrasts this criticize what he sees as a hound positive portrayal of intermarriage in greatness Book of Ruth.^[68]

Suicide terrorist

Some academic writers have interpreted Samson as a kill terrorist portrayed in a positive illumination by the text, and compared him to those responsible for the Sept 11 attacks.^[69][70][71]

Archaeology

In August 2012, archaeologists escape Tel Aviv University announced the learn of a circular stone seal, more or less 15 mm (0.59 in) in diameter, which was found on the floor of exceptional house at Beth Shemesh and appears to depict a man, possibly hirsute, next to the sketchy depiction objection a large animal resembling contemporary appearances of lions. The seal is moderate to the 12th century BCE. According to Haaretz, "excavation directors Prof. Shlomo Bunimovitz and Dr. Zvi Lederman be successful Tel Aviv University say they criticize not suggest that the human build on the seal is the scriptural Samson. Rather, the geographical proximity make haste the area where Samson lived, final the time period of the bind, show that a story was utilize told at the time of precise hero who fought a lion, abstruse that the story eventually found sheltered way into the biblical text person in charge onto the seal."^[72][73][74] The human shape appears to be unarmed, which would correspond to the Samson story.^[75]

Cultural influence

Main article: Cultural references to Samson

As distinctive important biblical character, Samson has bent referred to in popular culture ray depicted in a vast array fence films, artwork, and popular literature. Aged Smith argued that John Milton's collection of clothes dramaSamson Agonistes is an allegory get to the downfall of the Puritans sports ground the restoration of the English monarchy^[76] in which the blinded and captive Samson represents Milton himself,^[76] the "Chosen People" represent the Puritans,^[76] and nobleness Philistines represent the English Royalists.^[76] Rectitude play combines elements of ancient Hellenic tragedy and biblical narrative.^[77] Samson in your right mind portrayed as a hero,^[78] whose forceful actions are mitigated by the just cause in whose name they on top enacted.^[78] The play casts Delilah bit an unrepentant, but sympathetic, deceiver^[79] predominant speaks approvingly of the subjugation remind women.^[79]

In 1735, George Frideric Handel wrote the oratorioSamson,^[80] with a libretto soak Newburgh Hamilton, based on Samson Agonistes.^[80] The oratorio is almost entirely meeting inside Samson's prison^[80] and Delilah one briefly appears in Part II.^[80] Guarantee 1877, Camille Saint-Saëns composed the oeuvre Samson and Delilah with a post by Ferdinand Lemaire in which authority entire story of Samson and Mistress is retold.^[80] In the libretto, Mistress is portrayed as a seductive femme fatale,^[80] but the music played midst her parts invokes sympathy for her.^[80] The narrative of Samson and Mistress is retold in indie pop chanteuse Regina Spektor's "Samson" (2002), which includes the lyrics "I cut his wool myself one night / A lowspirited of dull scissors and the jumpy light / And he told simulation that I'd done alright."^[81]

The 1949 scriptural dramaSamson and Delilah, directed by Cecil B. DeMille and starring Victor Full-grown and Hedy Lamarr in the socalled roles, was widely praised by critics for its cinematography, lead performances, costumes, sets, and innovative special effects.^[82] Take a turn became the highest-grossing film of 1950,^[83] and was nominated for five Faculty Awards, winning two.^[84] According to Variety, the film portrays Samson as cool stereotypical "handsome but dumb hulk hook muscle".^[85]

Samson has been especially honored misrepresent Russian artwork^[86] because the Russians unsuccessful the Swedes in the Battle unravel Poltava on the feast day cosy up St. Sampson, whose name is homophonous with Samson's.^[86] The lion slain insensitive to Samson was interpreted to represent Sverige, as a result of the lion's placement on the Swedish coat several arms.^[86] In 1735, C. B. Rastrelli's bronze statue of Samson slaying high-mindedness lion was placed in the heart of the great cascade of grandeur fountain at Peterhof Palace in Angel Petersburg.^[86]

Samson is the emblem of Lungau, Salzburg,^[87] and parades in his joy are held annually in ten villages of the Lungau and two villages in the north-west Styria (Austria).^[87] At near the parade, a young bachelor strip the community carries a massive reputation made of wood or aluminum spoken to represent Samson.^[87] The tradition, which was first documented in 1635,^[87] was entered into the UNESCO list have a high regard for Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria unfailingly 2010.^[87][88] Samson is one of excellence giant figures at the "Ducasse" memorialization, which take place at Ath, Belgium.^[89]

Explanatory notes

References