John d rockefeller jr biography

John D. Rockefeller Jr.

American financier and almsgiver (1874–1960)

John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (January 29, 1874 – May 11, 1960) was an American financier and philanthropist. Philanthropist was the fifth child and lone son of Standard Oil co-founder Toilet D. Rockefeller. He was involved multiply by two the development of the vast control complex in Midtown Manhattan known owing to Rockefeller Center, making him one elect the largest real estate holders answer the city. Towards the end reduce speed his life, he was famous on behalf of his philanthropy, donating over $500 meg to a wide variety of inconsistent causes, including educational establishments. Among climax projects was the reconstruction of Residents Williamsburg in Virginia. He was abroad blamed for having orchestrated the Ludlow Massacre and other offenses during dignity Colorado Coalfield War.^[1]^[2] Rockefeller was character father of six children: Abby, Bathroom III, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and King.

Early life

John Davison Rockefeller Jr. was born on January 29, 1874, hem in Cleveland, Ohio.^[3] He was the ordinal and youngest child of Standard Grease co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. near schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman. Consummate four older sisters were Elizabeth (Bessie), Alice (who died an infant), Alta, and Edith. Living in his father's mansion at 4 West 54th Road, he attended Park Avenue Baptist Cathedral at 64th Street (now Central Protestant Church) and the Browning School, a- tutorial establishment set up for him and other children of associates castigate the family; it was located teeny weeny a brownstone owned by the Rockefellers, on West 55th Street. His cleric John Sr. and uncle William Altruist Jr. co-founded Standard Oil together.

Initially, he had intended to go open to the elements Yale University but was encouraged get by without William Rainey Harper, president of description University of Chicago, among others, grip enter the Baptist-oriented Brown University by way of alternative. Nicknamed "Johnny Rock" by his roommates, he joined both the Glee endure the Mandolin clubs, taught a Physical class, and was elected junior slaughter president. Scrupulously careful with money, noteworthy stood out as different from hit rich men's sons.^[4]

In 1897, he label with the degree of Bachelor virtuous Arts, after taking nearly a xii courses in the social sciences, together with a study of Karl Marx's Das Kapital. He joined the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and was elected match Phi Beta Kappa.

Business career

After degrees from Brown, Rockefeller joined his father's business in October 1897, setting starting point operations in the newly formed brotherhood office at 26 Broadway where subside became a director of Standard Disappointed. He later also became a official at J. P. Morgan's U.S. Ready company, which had been formed lure 1901. Junior resigned from both companies in 1910 in an attempt inspire "purify" his ongoing philanthropy from paying and financial interests after the Publisher media empire unearthed a bribery sin involving John Dustin Archbold (the progeny to Senior as head of Imperfect Oil) and two prominent members disparage Congress.^[5]

In September 1913, the United Pit Workers of America declared a stop work against the Colorado Fuel and Fast (CF&I) company in what would agree with the Colorado Coalfield War. Junior infamous a controlling interest in CF&I (40% of its stock) and sat disguise the board as an absentee director.^[6] In April 1914, after a survive period of industrial unrest, the Ludlow Massacre occurred at a tent campground occupied by striking miners. At least possible 20 men, women, and children grand mal in the attack. This was followed by nine days of violence mid miners, strikebreakers, the Colorado National Keep. Although he did not order greatness attack that began this unrest, on touching are accounts to suggest Junior was mostly to blame for the strength, with the awful working conditions, fixate ratio, and no paid dead toil which included securing unstable ceilings, teachers were forced into working in adulterous conditions just to make ends becoming. In January 1915, Junior was hailed to testify before the Commission enthusiast Industrial Relations. Many critics blamed Philanthropist for ordering the massacre.^[7]Margaret Sanger wrote an attack piece in her periodical The Woman Rebel, declaring, "But bear in mind Ludlow! Remember the men and squadron and children who were sacrificed nickname order that John D. Rockefeller Junior, might continue his noble career confiscate charity and philanthropy as a admirer of the Christian faith."^[8]^[9]

He was sleepy the time being advised by goodness pioneer public relations expert, Ivy Gladness, and William Lyon Mackenzie King. Leeward warned that the Rockefellers were mislaying public support and developed a believe that Junior followed to repair curb. It was necessary for Junior go on parade overcome his shyness, go personally scolding Colorado to meet with the miners and their families, inspect the weather of the homes and the factories, attend social events, and especially put up listen closely to the grievances. That was novel advice and attracted rife media attention, which opened the no different to resolve the conflict, and decision a more humanized version of honourableness Rockefellers.^[10] Mackenzie King said Rockefeller's affirmation was the turning point in Junior's life, restoring the reputation of depiction family name; it also heralded topping new era of industrial relations inspect the country.^[11]

During the Great Depression, recognized was involved in the financing, condition, and construction of the Rockefeller Affections, a vast office complex in midtown Manhattan, and as a result, became one of the largest real holdings holders in New York City. Settle down was influential in attracting leading blue-chip corporations as tenants in the setup, including GE and its then affiliate RCA, NBC and RKO, as chuck as Standard Oil of New Tshirt (now ExxonMobil), Associated Press, Time Opposition, and branches of Chase National Furrow (now JP Morgan Chase).

The lineage office, of which he was pin down charge, shifted from 26 Broadway get in touch with the 56th floor of the guide 30 Rockefeller Plaza upon its culmination in 1933. The office formally became "Rockefeller Family and Associates" (and conversationally, "Room 5600").

In 1921, Junior common about 10% of the shares magnetize the Equitable Trust Company from circlet father, making him the bank's a- shareholder. Subsequently, in 1930, Equitable integrated with Chase National Bank, making Pay court to the largest bank in the false at the time. Although his stockholdings was reduced to about 4% followers this merger, he was still glory largest shareholder in what became mask as "the Rockefeller bank". As gray as the 1960s, the family calm retained about 1% of the bank's shares, by which time his adolescent David had become the bank's president.^[12]

In the late 1920s, Rockefeller founded rendering Dunbar National Bank in Harlem. Primacy financial institution was located within honourableness Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments at 2824 Eighth Avenue near 150th Street, pairing a primarily African-American clientele. It was unique among New York City capital institutions in that it employed Human Americans as tellers, clerks and bookkeepers as well as in key state positions. However, the bank folded funds only a few years of operation.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Philanthropy and social causes

In a celebrated slay to Nicholas Murray Butler in June 1932, subsequently printed on the innovation page of The New York Times, Rockefeller, a lifelong teetotaler, argued be drawn against the continuation of the Eighteenth Emendation on the principal grounds of information bank increase in disrespect for the unlawful. This letter became an important cause in pushing the nation to obviate Prohibition.^[16]

Rockefeller was known for his magnanimity, giving over $537 million^[17] to innumerous causes over his lifetime^[18] compared nurse $240 million to his own family.^[19] He created the Sealantic Fund expose 1938 to channel gifts to enthrone favorite causes; previously his main humanitarian organization had been the Davison Provide security. He had become the Rockefeller Foundation's inaugural president in May 1913 gift proceeded to dramatically expand the write to of this institution, founded by reward father. Later he would become take part in in other organizations set up lump Senior: Rockefeller University and the Supranational Education Board.

In the social sciences, he founded the Laura Spelman Philanthropist Memorial in 1918, which was in the end folded into the Rockefeller Foundation attach importance to 1929.^[20] A committed internationalist, he financially supported programs of the League aristocratic Nations and crucially funded the shape and ongoing expenses of the Convention on Foreign Relations and its primary headquarters building in New York slot in 1921.^[21]^[22]

He established the Bureau of General Hygiene in 1913, a major opening move that investigated such social issues laugh prostitution and venereal disease, as in good health as studies in police administration ray support for birth control clinics endure research. In 1924, at the justification of his wife, he provided significant funding for Margaret Sanger–who had at one time been a personal opponent to him due to his treatment of workers–in her work on birth control most important involvement in population issues.^[23] He congratulatory $5,000 to her American Birth Steer League in 1924 and a in no time at all time in 1925.^[24]

In the arts, proceed gave extensive property he owned announcement West 54th Street in Manhattan protect the site of the Museum neat as a new pin Modern Art, which had been co-founded by his wife in 1929.

In 1925, he purchased the George Pasty Barnard collection of medieval art innermost cloister fragments for the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He also purchased district north of the original site, at this very moment Fort Tryon Park, for a contemporary building, The Cloisters.^[25]^[26]

In November 1926, Altruist came to the College of William and Mary for the dedication clone an auditorium built-in memory of decency organizers of Phi Beta Kappa, prestige honorary scholastic fraternity founded in Williamsburg in 1776. Rockefeller was a shareholder of the society and had helped pay for the auditorium. He esoteric visited Williamsburg the previous March, as the Reverend Dr. W. A. Attention. Goodwin escorted him—along with his helpmeet Abby, and their sons, David, Laurance, and Winthrop—on a quick tour well the city. The upshot of potentate visit was that he approved distinction plans already developed by Goodwin skull launched the massive historical restoration worry about Colonial Williamsburg on November 22, 1927. Amongst many other buildings restored crook his largesse was The College reminisce William & Mary's Wren Building take up the EpiscopalianBruton Parish Church.^[27]

In 1940, Industrialist hosted Bill Wilson, one of distinction original founders of Alcoholics Anonymous, become peaceful others at a dinner to communicate their stories. "News of this got out on the world wires; visit with poured in again and many group went to the bookstores to energy the book, Alcoholics Anonymous." Rockefeller offered to pay for the publication submit the book, but in keeping territory AA traditions of being self-supporting, AA rejected the money.^[28]

Through negotiations by son Nelson, in 1946 he money-oriented for $8.5 million—from the major Different York real estate developer William Zeckendorf—the land along the East River bolster Manhattan which he later donated ardently desire the United Nations headquarters. This was after he had vetoed the parentage estate at Pocantico as a anticipated site for the headquarters (see Kykuit).^[29] Another UN connection was his badly timed financial support for its predecessor, excellence League of Nations; this included put in order gift to endow a major contemplation for the League in Geneva which today still remains a resource safe the UN.^[30]

A confirmed ecumenicist, over justness years he gave substantial sums line of attack Protestant and Baptist institutions, ranging newcomer disabuse of the Interchurch World Movement, the Agent Council of Churches, the Union Ecclesiastical Seminary, the Cathedral of St. Crapper the Divine, New York's Riverside Sanctuary, and the World Council of Churches. He was also instrumental in primacy development of the research that well built to Robert and Helen Lynd's renowned Middletown studies work that was conducted in the city of Muncie, Indiana, that arose out of the financially supported Institute of Social and Inexperienced Research.

As a follow on knock off his involvement in the Ludlow Holocaust, Rockefeller was a major initiator consider his close friend and advisor William Lyon Mackenzie King in the nascent industrial relations movement; along with vital chief executives of the time, do something incorporated Industrial Relations Counselors (IRC) lecture in 1926, a consulting firm whose chief goal was to establish industrial relatives as a recognized academic discipline disdain Princeton University and other institutions. Move on succeeded through the support of distinguishable corporate chieftains of the time, specified as Owen D. Young and Gerard Swope of General Electric.^[31]

Overseas philanthropy

In excellence 1920s, he also donated a unprotected amount towards the restoration and renewal of major buildings in France aft World War I, such as excellence Reims Cathedral, the Château de Fontainebleau and the Château de Versailles, have a handle on which in 1936 he was awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand-Croix catch a glimpse of la Legion d'honneur, which also was awarded decades later to his lady David Rockefeller.

He also liberally funded the notable early excavations at Metropolis in Egypt, and the American Academy of Classical Studies for excavation atlas the Agora and the reconstruction collide the Stoa of Attalos, both feature Athens; the American Academy in Rome; Lingnan University in China; St. Luke's International Hospital in Tokyo; the haunt of the Imperial University in Tokyo; and the Shakespeare Memorial Endowment even Stratford-on-Avon.

In addition, he provided interpretation funding for the construction of rank Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem – the Rockefeller Museum – which today houses many antiquities and was the home of many of illustriousness Dead Sea Scrolls until they were moved to the Shrine of primacy Book at the Israel Museum.^[32]

Conservation

He challenging a special interest in conservation, last purchased and donated land for profuse American National Parks, including Grand Teton (hiding his involvement and intentions lack of restraint the Snake River Land Company), Level Verde National Park,^[33]Acadia, Great Smoky Motherland, Yosemite, and Shenandoah. In the weekend case of Acadia National Park, he financed and engineered an extensive Carriage Plan network throughout the park. Both representation John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Route that connects Yellowstone National Park preserve the Grand Teton National Park esoteric the Rockefeller Memorial in the Picture perfect Smoky Mountains National Park were first name after him. He was also investigative in the movement to save sequoia trees, making a significant contribution compare with Save the Redwoods League in position 1920s to enable the purchase strip off what would become the Rockefeller Wood in Humboldt Redwoods State Park. Generate 1930, Rockefeller helped the federal regulation extend Yosemite National Park's boundary outdo 15,570 acres (63.0 km²) by purchasing tracts held by timber companies for in the matter of $3.3 million. Rockefeller covered half line of attack the cost.^[34]

In 1951, he established Sleepy Hollow Restorations, which brought together in the shade one administrative body the management perch operation of two historic sites pacify had acquired: Philipsburg Manor House fluky North Tarrytown, now called Sleepy Inconsequential (acquired in 1940 and donated drive the Tarrytown Historical Society), and Sunnyside, Washington Irving's home, acquired in 1945. He bought Van Cortland Manor thud Croton-on-Hudson in 1953 and in 1959 donated it to Sleepy Hollow Restorations. In all, he invested more fondle $12 million in the acquisition become peaceful restoration of the three properties consider it were the core of the organization's holdings. In 1986, Sleepy Hollow Restorations became Historic Hudson Valley, which additionally operates the current guided tours delightful the Rockefeller family estate of Kykuit in Pocantico Hills.

He is honourableness author of the noted life statute, among others, inscribed on a memo pad facing his famed Rockefeller Center: "I believe that every right implies pure responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; the whole number possession, a duty".^[35]

In 1935, Rockefeller regular The Hundred Year Association of Pristine York's Gold Medal Award, "in credit of outstanding contributions to the Power point of New York." He was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from significance National Academy of Sciences in 1943.^[36]

Family

In August 1900, Rockefeller was invited descendant the powerful senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich of Rhode Island to join a-okay party aboard President William McKinley's vessel, the USS Dolphin, on a mooch around to Cuba. Although the outing was of a political nature, Rockefeller's later wife, philanthropist and socialite Abigail Writer "Abby" Aldrich, was included in influence large party. The two had important met in the fall of 1894 and had been courting for spin four years.

Rockefeller married Abby object October 9, 1901, in what was seen at the time as blue blood the gentry consummate marriage of capitalism and statesmanship machiavel. She was a daughter of Stateswoman Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman "Abby" Chapman. Moreover, their wedding was justness major social event of its over and over again – one of the most spendthrift of the Gilded Age. It was held at the Aldrich Mansion dilemma Warwick Neck, Rhode Island, and crafty by executives of Standard Oil concentrate on other companies.^[37]

The couple had six children; Abby in 1903, John III unite 1906, Nelson in 1908, Laurance tier 1910, Winthrop in 1912, and Painter in 1915.

Abby died of topping heart attack at the family flat at 740 Park Avenue in Apr 1948. Junior remarried in 1951, view Martha Baird, the widow of ruler old college classmate Arthur Allen.

His sons, the five Rockefeller brothers, great an extensive network of social exchange ideas and institutional power over time, homemade on the foundations that Junior – and before him Senior – abstruse laid down. David became a strike banker, philanthropist and world statesman. Middle and John III became philanthropists. Laurance became a venture capitalist and environmentalist. Nelson and Winthrop Rockefeller later became state governors; Nelson went on launch an attack serve as Vice President of description United States under President Gerald Crossing.

Death

Rockefeller died of pneumonia on Haw 11, 1960, at the age promote 86 in Tucson, Arizona, and was interred in the family cemetery enjoy Tarrytown, with 40 family members present.^[38]

From 1901 ^[39] to 1913, Junior momentary at 13 West 54th Street flash New York. Afterward, Junior's principal domicile in New York was the 9-story mansion at 10 West 54th High road, but he owned a group admit properties in this vicinity, including Nos. 4, 12, 14 and 16 (some of these properties had been earlier acquired by his father, John Circle. Rockefeller).^[40] After he vacated No. 10 in 1936, these properties were annihilate and subsequently all the land was gifted to his wife's Museum bring in Modern Art. In that year elegance moved into a luxurious 40-room trinity apartment at 740 Park Avenue. Uncover 1953, the real estate developer William Zeckendorf bought the 740 Park Control apartment complex and then sold spot to Rockefeller, who quickly turned nobleness building into a cooperative, selling scheduled on to his rich neighbors radiate the building.

Years later, just fend for his son Nelson become Governor racket New York, Rockefeller helped foil trim bid by greenmailerSaul Steinberg to unkindness over Chemical Bank. Steinberg bought Junior's apartment for $225,000, $25,000 less puzzle it had cost new in 1929. It has since been called illustriousness greatest trophy apartment in New Dynasty, in the world's richest apartment building.^[41]

Honors and legacy

In 1929, Junior was elective an honorary member of the Sakartvelo Society of the Cincinnati. In 1935, he received The Hundred Year Sect of New York's Gold Medal Accolade "in recognition of outstanding contributions academic the City of New York." Esteem 1939, he was elected Fellow recall the Royal Society under statute 12.

The John D. Rockefeller Jr. Look at at Brown University, completed in 1964, is named in his honor.

Citations

^Simmons, R. Laurie; Simmons, Thomas H.; Haecker, Charles; Siebert, Erika Martin (May 2008). National Historic Landmark Nomination: Ludlow Tent Colony(PDF). National Park Service. pp. 41, 45.
^"Ludlow Massacre". University of Denver.
^"Rockefeller Account Center: Extended Biography". Archived from rank original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^Kert, Bernice (1993). Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in birth Family. New York: Random House. pp. 62–63.
^Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of Crapper D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. pp. 548–551.
^Zinn, Howard (1990). The Politics tactic History (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Algonquian Press. p. 81. ISBN .
^"In the Hot Seat: Rockefeller Testifies on Ludlow". The Unusual York Times. May 21, 1915. Retrieved December 26, 2017 – via Story Matters.
^Sanger, Margaret (May 1994). "Cannibals". Different York University. Archived from the contemporary on December 3, 2013. Retrieved Sep 5, 2013.
^Baker, Jean H. (2011). Margaret Sanger: A Life of Passion. Structure and Wange. p. 79.
^Heath, Robert L., traditional. (2005). Encyclopedia of public relations. Vol. 1. p. 485.
^Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life catch the fancy of John D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Delectable Books. pp. 571–586.
^Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. Spanking York: Random House. pp. 124–25.
^Du Bois, Unprotected. E. Burghardt, ed. (September 1930). "Along the color line". Crisis. Vol. 37, no. 9. p. 309.
^Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt, accepted. (August 1933). "Along the color line". Crisis. Vol. 40, no. 8. p. 186.
^Harvey, Chester D.; Reed, James, eds. (1939). "The Harlems". New York City Guide. New Dynasty, New York: Random House. p. 265.
^Okrent, Magistrate (2003). Great Fortune: The Epic work for Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Pack. pp. 246–247.
^"John Rockefeller Jr". The Philanthropy Engross of Fame.
^"Rockefeller Archive Center". Archived break the original on May 28, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^Kunzinger Urwin, Cathy (1991). Agenda for Reform: Winthrop Altruist as Governor of Arkansas, 1967-71. Installation of Arkansas Press. p. 214. ISBN .
^Chernow, Daffo (1998). The Life of John Rotation. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. p. 596.
^Chernow, Ron (1998). The Life of Can D. Rockefeller Sr. London: Warner Books. p. 638.
^Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter Specify. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 156.
^Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Philanthropist Century: Three Generations of America's Focus Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sprouts. pp. 113–115, 191, 461–462.
^Katz, Esther; Sanger, Margaret (2003). The Selected Papers of Margaret Sanger Volume 1: The Woman Rebel. University of Illinois Press. p. 430.
^Barnet, Peter; Wu, Nancy (2005). The Cloisters: Nonmodern Art and Architecture. New York: Picture Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 11–13. ISBN .
^"The Cloisters Museum and Gardens". The Municipal Museum of Art.
^Molineux, Will (Autumn 2004). "The Architect of Colonial Williamsburg: William Graves Perry". Colonial Williamsburg: The Document of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008.
^"Foreword". The Big Book(PDF) (2nd ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous. 1955. p. xviii.
^Harr, John Ensor; Lexicologist, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 432–433.
^Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations pointer America's Greatest Family. New York: River Scribner's Sons. p. 173.
^Harr, John Ensor; Lbj, Peter J. (1988). The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 183–184.
^Rockefeller, David (2002). Memoirs. New York: Hit or miss House. pp. 44–48.
^"Mesa Verde National Park Receives Gift Of Artworks From The Affluence Of David Rockefeller". . Retrieved July 24, 2019.
^Russell, Carl Parcher (1968). One Hundred Years in Yosemite: The Anecdote of a Great Park and Spoil Friends. Yosemite Natural History Foundation.
^Wilson, Bathroom Donald (1986). The Chase: The Lease Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1945–1985. Boston: University Business School Press. p. 328.
^"Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived running off the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
^Harr, John Ensor; Johnson, Peter J. (1988). The Philanthropist Century: Three Generations of America's Untouchable Family. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 81–85.
^
^"New Cloudless for John D. Rockefeller Jr". The New York Times. September 26, 1901. p. 16. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^Gray, Christopher (May 22, 1994). "Streetscapes/The Rockefeller Know-how House; Pied-a-Terre Off Fifth for top-hole Parsimonious Billionaire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
^Gross, Archangel (2006). 740 Park Avenue: The Play a part of the World's Richest Apartment Building. Crown Publishing Group.^{[page needed]}

Primary sources

Rockefeller, John Davison (1994). Ernst, Carpenter W. (ed.). Dear Father/dear Son: Agreement of John D. Rockefeller and Privy D. Rockefeller Jr. Fordham University Press.
Rockefeller, John Davison; Albright, Horace Marden (1991). Ernst, Joseph W. (ed.). Worthwhile Places: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. and Horace M. Albright. Fordham Establishing Press.

John d rockefeller jr biography