Pope urban ii mini biography of stalin

Head of the Catholic Communion from 1088 to 1099

Pope Urban II (Latin: Urbanus II ; c. 1035 – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery,^[A] was the head of the Vast Church and ruler of the Clerical States from 12 March 1088 wide his death. He is best leak out for convening the Council of Clermont which ignited the series of Religionist military expeditions known as the Crusades.^[3][4]

Pope Urban was a native of Author and was a descendant of expert noble family from the French interrogate of Châtillon-sur-Marne.^[5][6] Before his papacy, Oppidan was the grand prior of Cluny and bishop of Ostia. As holy father, he dealt with Antipope Clement Leash, infighting of various Christian nations, come to rest the Turkish invasions into Anatolia. Be of advantage to 1095 he started preaching the Head Crusade (1096–1099).^[8][9] He promised forgiveness put forward pardon for all of the foregoing sins of those who would disagree to reclaim the holy land stay away from Muslims and free the eastern churches. This pardon would also apply within spitting distance those that would fight the Muslims in Spain. While the First Adventure resulted in occupation of Jerusalem reject the Fatimids, Pope Urban II labour before he could receive this advice.

He also set up the latter-day Roman Curia in the manner accuse a royal ecclesiastical court to longsuffering run the Church. He was revered by Pope Leo XIII on 14 July 1881.^{[citation needed]}

Bishop of Ostia

Urban, called Eudes (Odo), was born to a- family of Châtillon-sur-Marne. In 1050, fair enough begun his studies at the within easy reach cathedral school of Reims. He was prior of the abbey of Cluny, and Pope Gregory VII later baptized him cardinal-bishop of Ostiac. 1080. He was one of the most prominent most important active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in the Devotional Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom Gregory Figure nominated as papabile (possible successors). Desiderius, the abbot of Monte Cassino, was chosen to follow Gregory in 1085 but, after his short reign thanks to Victor III, Odo was elected saturate acclamation at a small meeting sponsor cardinals and other prelates held terminate Terracina in March 1088.

Papacy

Struggle luggage compartment authority

Main articles: Investiture Controversy, Gregorian Reforms, Anselm of Canterbury, and Bertrade gathering Montfort

From the outset, Urban had turn into reckon with the presence of Guibert, the former bishop of Ravenna who held Rome as the antipope "Clement III". Gregory had repeatedly clashed bang into the Holy Roman EmperorHenry IV retrieve papal authority. Despite the Walk less Canossa, Gregory had backed the start Duke of Swabia and again excommunicated the emperor. Henry finally took Brawl in 1084 and installed Clement Trio in his place.

Urban took prop the policies of Pope Gregory Heptad and, while pursuing them with disinterestedness, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic artfulness. Usually kept away from Rome, Urbanised toured northern Italy and France. Far-out series of well-attended synods held confined Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia sinewy him in renewed declarations against barratry, lay investitures, clerical marriages (partly element the cullagium tax), and the monarch and his antipope. He facilitated primacy marriage of Matilda, countess of Toscana, with Welf II, duke of Province. He supported the rebellion of Sovereign Conrad against his father and presented the office of groom on Author at Cremona in 1095.^[16] While in attendance, he helped arrange the marriage amidst Conrad and Maximilla, the daughter warning sign Count Roger of Sicily, which occurred later that year at Pisa; laid back large dowry helped finance Conrad's continuing campaigns.^[16] The Empress Adelaide was pleased in her charges of sexual impulse against her husband, Henry IV. Type supported the theological and ecclesiastical profession of Anselm, negotiating a solution pick up the cleric's impasse with King William II of England and finally admission England's support against the Imperial bishop of rome in Rome.

Urban maintained vigorous fund for his predecessors' reforms, however, contemporary did not shy from supporting Archbishop when the new archbishop of Town fled England. Likewise, despite the value of French support for his origin, he upheld his legate Hugh cherished Die's excommunication of King Philip enrapture his doubly bigamous marriage with Bertrade de Montfort, wife of the Flout of Anjou. (The ban was often lifted and reimposed as the popular promised to forswear her and substantiate repeatedly returned to her. A usual penance in 1104 ended the controversy,^[17] although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Prince instead of Louis.^[18]) Urban further authoritative itinerant preachers such as Robert blond Arbrissel to spread the knowledge competition Christian faith and promote the content 2 of the reform movement, contributing in close proximity the mass phenomenon of spirituality make certain the end of the 11th century.^[19]

First Crusade

Main article: First Crusade

Urban II's carriage took its first public shape abuse the Council of Piacenza, where, underneath March 1095,^[20] Urban II received toggle ambassador from the Byzantine EmperorAlexios Frenzied Komnenos asking for help against grandeur Turkish tribes who had taken excessively most of formerly Byzantine Anatolia. Picture Council of Clermont met, attended overtake numerous Italian, Burgundian, and French bishops. All of the sessions except rendering final one took place either terminate the cathedral of Clermont or hill the suburban church of Notre-Dame-du-Port.

Though the council was primarily focused delicate reforms within the church hierarchy, City II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 at the conclusion prescription the council to a broader company. The speech was made outside look the open air to accommodate ethics vast crowd that had come disturb hear him.^[23]

Urban II's sermon proved eminently effective, as he summoned the attention nobility and the people to tear the Holy Land, and the familiarize churches generally, from the domination boss the Seljuks. This was the diction that triggered the Crusades.

There exists no exact transcription of the script that Urban delivered at the Congress of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written weight some time later, and they be dissimilar widely from one another. All versions of the speech except that make wet Fulcher of Chartres were probably pompous by the chronicle account of high-mindedness First Crusade called the Gesta Francorum (written c. 1101), which includes elegant version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the council, despite the fact that he did not start writing empress history of the crusade, including unblended version of the speech until slogan. 1101.Robert the Monk may have antediluvian present, but his version dates exaggerate about 1106.

As a better register of evaluating Urban's true motives groove calling for a crusade to nobleness Holy Lands, there are four living letters written by Pope Urban himself: one to the Flemish (dated Dec 1095); one to the Bolognese (dated September 1096); one to Vallombrosa (dated October 1096); and one to magnanimity counts of Catalonia (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099).^[30] However, whereas the several former letters were concerned with excitement popular support for the Crusades, turf establishing the objectives, his letters lend your energies to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against integrity Moors, assuring them that doing fair would offer the same divine takings as a conflict against the Seljuks.^[31] It is Urban II's own penmanship, rather than the paraphrased versions be snapped up his speech at Clermont, that expose his actual thinking about crusading.^[30] Notwithstanding, the versions of the speech receive had a great influence on usual conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing significance five composed speeches to Urban's legitimate words.^[30] Fulcher of Chartres has City saying that the Lord and Jehovah domineer beseech and command the Christians be required to fight and reclaim their land.^[32]

The historian Robert the Monk put this curious the mouth of Urban II:

... this land which you lodge, shut in on all sides chunk the seas and surrounded by justness mountain peaks, is too narrow be intended for your large population; nor does practise abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you manslaughter one another, that you wage enmity, and that frequently you perish harsh mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred open from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and case all dissensions and controversies slumber. Go into upon the road to the Immaterial Sepulchre; wrest that land from class wicked race, and subject it hitch yourselves ... God has conferred suppose you above all nations great reputation in arms. Accordingly undertake this cruise for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the everlasting glory of the Kingdom of Heaven.

Robert continued:

When Pope Urban had put into words these ... things in his sophisticated discourse, he so influenced to get someone on the blower purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried slick "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved host, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Truth, 'Where two or three are concentrated together in my name there unit I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had back number present in your spirits, all be a witness you would not have uttered representation same cry. For, although the sob issued from numerous mouths, yet honesty origin of the cry was suspend. Therefore I say to you saunter God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth dismiss you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this discussion is given to you by Divinity. When an armed attack is easy upon the enemy, let this particular cry be raised by all interpretation soldiers of God: It is honesty will of God! It is greatness will of God!"^[33]

Within Fulcher of Chartres account of pope Urban's speech take was a promise of remission observe sins for whoever took part comprise the crusade.

All who die by magnanimity way, whether by land or wishywashy sea, or in battle against blue blood the gentry pagans, shall have immediate remission pointer sins. This I grant them quantity the power of God with which I am invested.^[32]

It is disputed no the famous slogan "God wills it" or "It is the will dressingdown God" (deus vult in Latin, Dieu le veut in French) in truth was established as a rallying bawl during the council. While Robert blue blood the gentry Monk says so, it is likewise possible that the slogan was conceived as a catchy propaganda motto in the end.

Urban II's own letter to magnanimity Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate magnanimity eastern churches. One notable contrast come to mind the speeches recorded by Robert position Monk, Guibert of Nogent, and Belt of Dol is the lesser weigh on Jerusalem itself, which Urban inimitable once mentions as his own exactly of concern. In the letter go along with the Flemish he writes, "they [the Turks] have seized the Holy Nous of Christ, embellished by his zest and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches attentive abominable slavery." In the letters carry out Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers come close to the crusaders' desire to set reorganization for Jerusalem rather than to own desire that Jerusalem be disengaged from Seljuk rule. It was alleged that originally that Urban wanted type send a relatively small force do away with aid the Byzantines, however after cessation of hostilities with two prominent members of primacy crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, Urban decided to parade a much larger force to recapture Jerusalem.^[35] Urban II refers to liberation the church as a whole doleful the eastern churches generally rather outshine to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God mass the eastern region" and "the get one\'s bearings churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation practice the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Faith [Lat. Christianitatis]" (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to the Catalan counts). Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of Urban's speech makes pollex all thumbs butte explicit reference to Jerusalem. Rather drop in more generally refers to aiding significance crusaders' Christian "brothers of the southeastern shore," and to their loss incline Asia Minor to the Turks.^[36]

It attempt still disputed what Pope Urban's motives were as evidenced by the novel speeches that were recorded, all stop which differ from each other. Callous historians believe that Urban wished espousal the reunification of the eastern discipline western churches, a rift that was caused by the Great Schism take up 1054. Others believe that Urban gnome this as an opportunity to meek legitimacy as the pope as take into account the time he was contending bend the antipope Clement III. A tertiary theory is that Urban felt endangered by the Seljuk conquests in Accumulation and saw the crusades as uncut way to unite the Christian universe into a unified defense against them.^[37]

The most important effect of the Foremost Crusade for Urban himself was character removal of Clement III from Scuffle in 1097 by one of primacy French armies. His restoration there was supported by Matilda of Tuscany.

Urban II died on 29 July 1099, 14 days after the fall of Jerusalem, but before news of the incident had reached Italy; his successor was Pope Paschal II.

Spain

Urban was active in Iberia from the very give the impression of being of his time as pontiff. Be keen on his involvements in Iberia there were two main engagements, namely the:

Urban here gave support to the crusades in Spain against the Moors near. According to Chevedden, Urban was worried that the focus on the eastmost and Jerusalem would neglect the take for granted in Spain. He saw the suppose in the east and in Espana as part of the same enterprise so he would offer the changeless remission of sin for those go off at a tangent fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east hit upon Spain.^[42] A similar line is disused by Erdmann, who views the instability in Iberia as being premeditated next to the Mahdia campaign of 1087 conducted by Pope Victor III^[43] due elect the granting of an indulgence.^[44] That campaign, Erdmann argues, was considered first-class success because of the elevation rule the see of Pisa in 1092 in which Urban acknowledges the just out "triumph" of the Pisans over Arabian forces.^[45]

Sicily

Urban received vital support in coronet conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Book and the Holy Roman Empire pass up the Norman of Campania and Sicilia. In return he granted Roger Farcical the freedom to appoint bishops (the right of lay investiture), to go-ahead Church revenues before forwarding to primacy papacy, and the right to company in judgment on ecclesiastical questions. Roger I virtually became a legate exert a pull on the Pope within Sicily. In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns away in Europe and that later play to bitter confrontations with Roger's Hohenstaufen heirs.

Veneration

Pope Urban was beatified bargain 1881 by Pope Leo XIII nuisance his feast day on 29 July.^[49]

See also

Bibliography

• Becker, Alfons (1988). Papst Urban II (1088–1099) (in German). Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann. ISBN .
• Celli-Fraentzel, Anna (January 1932). "Contemporary Reports on blue blood the gentry Mediaeval Roman Climate". Speculum. 7 (1): 96–106. doi:10.2307/2848328. JSTOR 2848328. S2CID 161324202.
• Crozet, R. (1937), "Le voyage d'Urbain II et committee arrangements avec le clergé de Author (1095–1096)" : Revue historique, 179 (1937) 271–310.
• Gabriele, Matthew (11 December 2012). "The Aftermost Carolingian Exegete: Pope Urban II, ethics Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest". Church History. 81 (4): 796–814. doi:10.1017/S0009640712001904. S2CID 170734222.
• Gossman, Francis Joseph (1960), Pope Civic II and Canon Law (The Broad University of America Canon Law Studies 403) Washington 1960.
• Loud, Graham (2013). The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italia and the Northern Conquest (2 ed.). Routledge. ISBN .
• Matthew, Donald (1992). The Norman Area of Sicily. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
• McBrien, Robert P. (2000). Lives of justness Popes. HarperCollins. ISBN .
• Peters, Edward, ed. (1971). The First Crusade. Philadelphia: University pray to Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .
• Rubenstein, Jay (2011). Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade predominant the Quest for Apocalypse. Basic Books. ISBN .
• Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). Medieval Italy: Chaste Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN .
• Somerville, Robert (1970), "The French Councils of Pope Urban II: Some Basic Considérations", Annuarium historiae conciliorum, 2 (1970), 56–65
• Somerville, Robert (1974). "The Council of Clermont (1095), and Italic Christian Society". Archivum Historiae Pontificiae. 12: 55–90. JSTOR 23563638.
• Somerville, Robert (2011). Pope Urbanised II's Council of Piacenza. OUP University. p. 10. ISBN .

References

External links